JRys

There is no sample-hold circuit before the analog inputs. The time skew from channel to channel is the inverse of the aggregate rate, 500k or 2us. It's more noticeable at lower rates. For instance, sampling four channels at 1000 S/s is 1 / 4000 or 250us. However, this can be good because it allows the channel more time to settle down before the measurement. 

Use the Signal Adaptation module set to Linear Interpolation. Connect the faster channel to input zero and it will adjust the slower USB-TC data stream to match it.

You could have the thermocouple wired backward. That would explain the temperature drop when heat is applied. 

Now that you have installed DAQami on Windows 11, you must update InstaCal, too. Run the following installation, and then try DAQami again.
https://files.digilent.com/downloads/InstaCal/icalsetup.exe

If the USB-1608G is plugged in, InstaCal should automatically detect it when started. If you've started InstaCal before installing the device, hit the refresh button or restart InstaCal. If it is not found, I encourage you to try another USB port or even another computer. If a second computer has the same issue, it's probably defective.
 

The USB-ERB24 can be susceptible to electrical and magnetic noise -RFI and EMI. If the USB cable is close to equipment that may radiate noise, reposition it elsewhere. Also, get a USB cable with ferrite filters like this: https://www.amazon.com/Tripp-Lite-Hi-Speed-Ferrite-U023-003/dp/B008VOPCGY/. The ferrite on both ends absorbs high-frequency noise and will help. 

The missing pallet happens from time to time, we're not exactly sure why. However, it's just a missing file - attached below. Copy it to the User.Lib folder in \LabVIEW 2021\user.lib\
John
ULx.mnu

You must run InstaCal with the USB-1608HS-2AO so that it is added to the board list. When InstaCal is closed, it creates a file that LabVIEW reads, which is read once it is first started. So, always close LabVIEW before making changes to InstaCal, and always close InstaCal before starting LabVIEW. If you do this and LabVIEW cannot find the device, check your computer for duplicate copies of our files. Check your whole system for cb.cfg, cbw32.dll and cbw64.dll. The correct locations for these are:
C:\ProgramData\Measurement Computing\DAQ\cb.cfg
C:\Program Files (x86)\Measurement Computing\DAQ\cbw32.dll
C:\Program Files (x86)\Measurement Computing\DAQ\cbw64.dll
If you find files in other folders, delete them. 
Regarding the TracerDAQ error, it uses DirectX9, and the error typically means your video card is unable to run DirectX. 

Please review the following forum thread regarding Raspberry PI 5 support.
 

You can test the input (CH0) by connecting it over to the +V pin, which is +5 volt signal. Then connect the input to the ground (AGND) and it should read close to zero. Assuming this all work, connect your sensor's -U to AGND and +S to the input. 

The USB-1604HS-2AO uses the Universal Library from Measurement Computing; it does not use OpenLayers.

DAQami cannot redirect the value from an analog input to an output. Instead, consider the DASYLab software, which can. If you have C or Python programming skills, you could do it using our Universal Library API. LabVIEW is another possibility.

"MIG.clk_ref_i." looks like a type-o that should have been written as "the MIG clk_ref_i input terminal."
Thanks for the heads-up on the broken link. 

The USB-2416-4AO (and AI-EXP32) inputs can be individually set to either differential or single-ended. However, the device has only one A/D converter, which is shared among the channels. Because of this, the measurements are not truly simultaneous. For example, if the sample rate is 100 Hz, the gap from channel to channel is 10ms.

An example of unipolar is 0 to 5 volts. An example of bipolar is -5 to + 5 volts. The AD2 Scope inputs are bipolar. If your signal is unipolar, it can be shifted to appear bipolar using the Zero parameter found in the channel settings. 

You can get 37-pin cables from L-COM. Here's an example of a 2.5 ft female cable. 
https://www.l-com.com/d-sub-reversible-hardware-molded-d-sub-cable-db37-female-female-25-ft

Generating an AM signal is simple. Start with a new workspace. Add a Wavegen instrument and configure it for Modulation, as shown. Set the Carrier frequency to 1 MHz. Turn off the FM channel. Configure the AM channel to be a Triangle wave at 10 kHz, as shown. 

Demodulation can be done with a lock-in amplifier. Add a Scope instrument and enable Scope-1. Physically connect Scope-1 to the Wavegen channel in a loopback fashion. Start both the Wavegen Channel and the Scope. To demodulate the AM signal, add a Lock-In amplifier and configure it, as shown.

 
Next, add a second Math channel; select Simple instead of the Lock-In amplifier. Set the channel on the Simple math channel to M1. Set the operation to AC, and it will extract the AC signal from the first Math channel. The 10 kHz triangle wave is extracted from the 1 MHz Carrier wave using the Lock-In amplifier and a Simple AC math channel. Much more information can be found in the Waveforms Help.
 

In DAQami, the first four channels are the voltage inputs V0...V3 and the next four are T0...T3. DAQami AI0 is V0H, V0L, and AIO4 is T0H, T0L.
Use InstaCal first to configure the temperature channels, such as thermistor, RTD, thermocouple, etc. Thermocouples are straightforward to connect; however, the other sensor types require special wiring. InstaCal has a Show Connections button that will display a wiring diagram to make it easy. 

Open Packages->Data Acquisition in the Available Devices Configurator window and unselect the Omega Engineering OMB driver. This should remove the XML messages.
In the top image you provided, I can see that the Worksheet opened in DASYLab 2022. So, what do you mean when you say it appears not to have opened the file?
 

The single-value read command, such as MEAS:VOLT? (@0,1,7),  initiates a new measurement every time. 

Could you try our example? Open the Generate Values LLB library in \National Instruments\LabVIEW 2022\Examples\ULx\Digital\. The example's front panel has eight buttons, so select the eight lines of FirstPortA.

I suspect you forgot to constrain the pins used by the PmodAD1_01.  Go to Sources, select Constraints, and add a constraints file. Open the file and copy the constraints below. Please pay close attention to the ja_pin#_io numbers, as they are not in order. 
## Pmod Header JA
set_property -dict { PACKAGE_PIN Y18   IOSTANDARD LVCMOS33 } [get_ports { ja_pin1_io }]; #IO_L17P_T2_34 Sch=ja_p[1]
set_property -dict { PACKAGE_PIN Y19   IOSTANDARD LVCMOS33 } [get_ports { ja_pin2_io }]; #IO_L17N_T2_34 Sch=ja_n[1]
set_property -dict { PACKAGE_PIN Y16   IOSTANDARD LVCMOS33 } [get_ports { ja_pin3_io }]; #IO_L7P_T1_34 Sch=ja_p[2]
set_property -dict { PACKAGE_PIN Y17   IOSTANDARD LVCMOS33 } [get_ports { ja_pin4_io }]; #IO_L7N_T1_34 Sch=ja_n[2]
set_property -dict { PACKAGE_PIN U18   IOSTANDARD LVCMOS33 } [get_ports { ja_pin7_io }]; #IO_L12P_T1_MRCC_34 Sch=ja_p[3]
set_property -dict { PACKAGE_PIN U19   IOSTANDARD LVCMOS33 } [get_ports { ja_pin8_io }]; #IO_L12N_T1_MRCC_34 Sch=ja_n[3]
set_property -dict { PACKAGE_PIN W18   IOSTANDARD LVCMOS33 } [get_ports { ja_pin9_io }]; #IO_L22P_T3_34 Sch=ja_p[4]
set_property -dict { PACKAGE_PIN W19   IOSTANDARD LVCMOS33 } [get_ports { ja_pin10_io }]; #IO_L22N_T3_34 Sch=ja_n[4]

Restart DASYLab with administrator privileges.  Go to c:\Program Files (x86)\DASYLab 2022.1_en\ and get the properties for DASYLab.exe. Select the Compatibility tab and enable Run this program as an administrator. 

Please watch the following video about installing DASYLab and the Measurement Computing support. It will show how to install the Measurement Computing driver and access the input and output modules. When the driver installation gets to the destination folder panel, edit the path (press Change) so that it is \Program Files (x86)\DASYLab 2022.1_en\. Otherwise, you will get a path not found error. 
 

The manual says to connect a 50-ohm resistor to the ground on the detector output. The output is current, and the resistor generates the output voltage. Connect the MCC 128 input across the resistor. I recommend placing the inputs in differential mode for the measurement. If the signal is too low with the 50 ohm resistor, use a 1000-ohm load resistor.